Fig. 1

Analysis of niosome NPs containing solanine. (A) Morphological analysis of solanine-nisome NPs using SEM. SEM imaging results indicate that SN-NPs possess advantageous characteristics for the cellular transport of solanine. The diminutive size, spherical morphology, and smooth surface all suggest a meticulously engineered nanoparticle delivery mechanism. (B) Release pattern of free solanine and nisome NPs containing solanine at pH 5.2 and 7.4 after 120 h. The research revealed a considerably quicker release of solanine from the niosomes at pH 5.2 compared to pH 7.4. This shows that the niosomes are more likely to discharge their cargo in a more acidic environment