Table 1 Patient baseline characteristics in training and validation cohort

Age (years)

0.667

 Mean (SD)

56.1(12.7)

56.5(12.4)

55.4(13.4)

 Median [Min, Max]

56[28,84]

57[31,84]

55[28,84]

Gender

0.398

 Male

105(5.4%)

71(95.9%)

34(91.9%)

 Female

6(94.6%)

3(4.1%)

3(8.1%)

Smoking

0.783

 No

43(38.7%)

28(37.8%)

15(40.5%)

 Yes

68(61.3%)

46(62.2%)

22(59.5%)

Drinking

0.219

 No

45(40.5)

27(36.5)

18(48.6%)

 Yes

66(59.5)

47(63.5)

19(51.4%)

Ascites

0.13

 No

89(80.2)

56(75.7%)

33(89.2%)

 Yes

22(19.8%)

18(24.3%)

4(10.8%)

BMI(kg/m²)

0.785

 Mean (SD)

22.3(2.66)

22.3(2.66)

22.2(2.70)

 Median [Min, Max]

22.4[14.9,27.3]

22.4[14.9,26.9]

22.4[15.6,27.3]

Chronic hepatitis

0.684

 No

7(6.3)

4(5.4)

3(8.1)

 Yes

104(93.7)

70(94.6)

34(91.9)

Liver cirrhosis

0.174

 No

30(27)

17(23)

13(35.1)

 Yes

81(73)

57(77)

24(64.9)

AFP(ng/mL)^a

0.425

 Mean (SD)

5.25(3.24)

5.42(3.34)

4.90(3.06)

 Median [Min, Max]

5.10[0.293,10.9]

5.40[0.507,10.9]

4.61[0.293,10.9]

ALT(U/L)

0.574

 Mean (SD)

49.2(54.8)

51.4(51.2)

44.8(62.1)

 Median [Min, Max]

33[10,383]

40[11,319]

29[10,383]

AST(U/L)

0.1

 Mean (SD)

66.9(60.1)

73.2(63.1)

54.4(52.3)

 Median [Min, Max]

49[18,406]

50[21,406]

40[18,327]

ALB(g/L)

0.077

 > 37.5

47(57.7)

27(36.5)

20(45.9)

 ≤ 37.5

64(42.3)

47(63.5)

17(54.1)

GGT(U/L)

0.121

 Mean (SD)

188(238)

213(270)

138(146)

 Median [Min, Max]

118[19,1881]

132[19,1881]

88[21,678]

TBIL(µmol/L)

0.841

 Mean (SD)

18.3(10.6)

18.7(11.7)

17.3(8.04)

 Median [Min, Max]

15[5,69]

16[5,69]

14[6,48]

DBIL(µmol/L)

0.142

 Mean (SD)

7.05(5.45)

7.59(6.09)

5.97(3.69)

 Median [Min, Max]

6[2,29]

6.50[2,29]

5[2,17]

PLT(×10⁹/L)

0.652

 Mean (SD)

172(156)

158(82.7)

198(243)

 Median [Min, Max]

147[15,1577]

148[15,459]

136[68,1577]

LYM(×10⁹/L)

0.691

 Mean (SD)

1.34(0.604)

1.31(0.556)

1.40(0.70)

 Median [Min, Max]

1.20[0.40,3.7]

1.20[0.4,3.1]

1.20[0.4,3.7]

PT(seconds)

0.892

 Mean (SD)

14.3(1.87)

14.2(1.38)

14.3(2.6)

 Median [Min, Max]

14.1[11.6,28.4]

14.3[11.6,21.8]

13.9[12,28.4]

INR

0.452

 Mean (SD)

1.12(0.20)

1.12(0.14)

1.14(0.30)

 Median [Min, Max]

1.1[0.9,2.8]

1.1[0.9,1.9]

1.1[0.9,2.8]

Child-Pugh class

0.476

 A

92(82.9%)

60(81.1%)

32(86.5%)

 B

19(17.1%)

14(18.9%)

5(13.5%)

BCLC stage

0.37

 A

12(10.8%)

6(8.1%)

6(16.2%)

 B

26(23.4%)

19(25.7%)

7(18.9%)

 C

73(65.8%)

49(66.2%)

24(64.9%)

ALBI grade

0.071

 1

36(32.4%)

19(25.7%)

17(45.9%)

 2

73(65.8%)

53(71.6%)

20(54.1%)

 3

2(1.8%)

2(2.7%)

0

TNM Classification

0.115

 II

16(14.4%)

7(9.5%)

9(24.3%)

 III

19(17.1%)

14(18.9%)

5(13.5%)

 IV

76(68.5%)

53(71,6%)

23(62.2%)

Tumor size(cm)

0.117

 ≤ 5.0

37(33.3%)

21(28.4%)

16(43.2%)

 > 5.0

74(66.7%)

53(71.6%)

21(56.8%)

Tumor number

0.591

 Solitary

56(50.5%)

36(48.6%)

20(54.1%)

 Multiple

55(49.5%)

38(51.4%)

17(45.9%)

Portal vein invasion

0.282

 No

58(52.3%)

36(48.6%)

22(59.5%)

 Yes

53(47.7%)

38(51.4%)

15(40.5%)

Progressionfree survival (days)

0.789

 Mean (SD)

184(131)

187(133)

179(131)

 Median [Min, Max]

144[21,601]

147[21,601]

144[21,600]

Progress

0.21

 No

12(10.8%)

6(8.1%)

6(16.2%)

 Yes

99(89.2%)

68(91.9%)

31(83.8%)

Immune checkpoint inhibitors

0.598

 Sintilimab

50(45.1%)

31(41.9%)

19(51.4%)

 Camrelizumab

35(31.5%)

24(32.4%)

11(29.7%)

 Toripalimab

26(23.4%)

19(25.7%)

7(18.9%)

Anti-angiogenic agents

0.17

 Lenvatinib

57(51.4%)

37(50%)

20(54.1%)

 Sorafenib

26(23.4%)

21(28.4%)

5(13.5%)

 Regorafenib

28(25.2%)

16(21.6%)

12(32.4%)