Table 4 Comparison of monotherapy and combination therapy

Efficacy

Direct cytotoxicity via apoptosis induction (10, 32)

Enhanced chemosensitivity and immune response (9)

Mechanism

ROS generation, mitochondrial dysfunction (32)

Synergistic pathway modulation (e.g., TGF-β/PD-L1) (3, 9)

Clinical Advantage

Minimal off-target toxicity

Overcomes drug resistance, reduces side effects (42)

Limitations

Limited efficacy in advanced tumors (22)

Complexity in dosing optimization (3, 9)