Table 3 Mean scores of TPB constructs before and after the intervention in all three groups (n = 240)

Attitude

 Before the intervention

2.32 ± 16.56

1.34 ± 16.55

0.81 ± 16.81

0.513

 One month after the intervention

1.87 ± 38.48

1.63 ± 38.16

0.7 ± 17.04

0.001

 Three months after the intervention

0.63 ± 39.59

0.76 ± 39.53

0.7 ± 17.06

0.001

Subjective norm

 Before intervention

12.91 ± 1.29

13.06 ± 1.28

13.1 ± 1.14

0.601

 One month after the intervention

33.32 ± 1.12

33.91 ± 0.91

13.28 ± 1.01

0.001

 Three months after the intervention

34.14 ± 0.77

33.95 ± 1.03

13.34 ± 1.04

0.001

^aPBC

 Before the intervention

14.35 ± 2.3

14.3 ± 2.29

14.3 ± 2.28

0.987

 One month after the intervention

38.76 ± 1.27

39.21 ± 0.82

14.31 ± 2.25

0.001

 Three months after the intervention

39.68 ± 0.61

39.72 ± 0.57

14.3 ± 2.29

0.001

Behavioral intention

 Before the intervention

5.93 ± 0.76

5.87 ± 0.62

5.82 ± 0.86

0.645

 One month after the intervention

18.93 ± 1.33

19.93 ± 1.24

5.91 ± 0.55

0.001

 Three months after the intervention

19.62 ± 0.6

19.66 ± 0.47

5.91 ± 1.08

0.001

Behavior

 Before the intervention

4.06 ± 0.33

4.09 ± 0.32

4.06 ± 0.29

0.847

 One month after the intervention

6.68 ± 0.75

6.71 ± 0.95

4.13 ± 0.4

0.001

 Three months after the intervention

7.84 ± 0.4

7.93 ± 0.47

4.16 ± 0.48

0.001